SKQ1 vs MitoQ+C60

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movie SKQ1 A SMART MITOCHONDRIAL ANTIOXIDANT AND LONGEVITY GAME CHANGER

Article https://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/72402-coq10-vs-mitoq-vs-pqq-vs-c60oo-for-mitochondrial-health/

SKQ1's (greatly recommend read) anti-aging cousins are the antioxidants MitoQ and C60 (also sometimes called C60oo and other silly names) which is derived from olive oil.

MitoQ and SKQ1 deliver to the Mitochondria chemical foot soldiers that fight ROS, MitoQ delivers CoQ10,  and SKQ1 delivers Plastoquinone.

C60 is a little different, it's an antioxidant molecule that your mitochondria absorbs by osmosis.

Why is SKQ1 worth your attention when C60 and MitoQ are highly accessible?

SKQ1 directly targets the mitochondrial membrane, MitoQ is also targeted to the mitochondria, C60 is not, your Mitochondria absorb it by osmosis (hopefully!)

According to Skulachev

MitoQ cannot be regarded as a mitochondria-targeted form CoQ or CoQ precursor since it cannot replace CoQ in its master function...

The big problem that MitoQ has is that VERY little of the CoQ10 actually gets delivered to the inside of the mitochondria, perhaps as low as 1% - 2% according to a 2014 paper out of the University of Toronto:

CoQ10 has low oral bioavailability due to its lipophilic nature, large molecular weight, regional differences in its gastrointestinal permeability and involvement of multitransporters. Intracellular delivery and mitochondrial target ability issues pose additional hurdles. To maximize CoQ10 delivery to its biopharmaceutical target, numerous approaches have been undertaken.

Whereas SKQ1 delivers Plastoquinone directly to the interior of the Mitochondria. To quote author and doctor Josh Mitteldorf

But no animal study has ever succeeded in extending life span with CoQ10. Perhaps its value is limited by bioavailability. Only a small portion of ingested CoQ10 makes its way from the stomach into the bloodstream, and a much tinier portion actually reaches the mitochondria where it is needed. This is the issue that Skulachev has addressed in such an innovative way with his molecule, which his friends and students have affectionately dubbed SkQ.

Plastoquinone is better than CoQ10. Skulachev initially used CoQ10 but A/B testing it with Plastoquinone in animal experiments discovered that Plastoquinone is a more effective antioxidant.

Regarding C60, one of the masterminds behind the anti-aging forum Longecity clarified C60 is NOT currently theorized to promote rejuvenation, only to slow aging

I would not say that MitoQ and C60 are useless, there's significant anecdotal evidence and some clinical evidence that they are very helpful in restoring and maintaining health but SkQ1 is the clear leader in terms of safety and economics thanks to the tiny dose of it needed to achieve the kind of effect that the others might have. The tiny dosage also makes it highly non-toxic, which is a concern with the other Mitochondrial antioxidants.

Potency

SKQ1 is very potent. A 2008 study reported

These results suggest that under the conditions used SkQ1 protects mitochondria from oxidative damage as an antioxidant when added at extremely low concentrations.

A 2012 animal study concurred

...extremely low, nanomolar concentrations of the mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone derivative SkQ1... were shown to prolong the lifespan of male and female Drosophila melanogaster by about 10%...

SKQ1 as a Nootropic (improves cramming/cognition/focus)?

A lot of Biohackers are at this point wondering if SKQ1 would work as a performance enhancing Nootropic or smart drug for otherwise healthy people that just want more energy or motivation.

It's hard to say at this point, there have been no human trials conducted demonstrating an effect on cognition. I could find no meaningful or credible anecdotal reports from Biohackers who tried it and experienced classic Nootropic effects.

However, the Mitochondria are the fundamental energy generation system of the body; optimizing your Mitochondria is quintessential performance enhancement; more energy, better mood, memory, immunity, resilience or hotter sex. Anything that improves your Mitochondria will make you better but we are probably a few years off from real SKQ1 Nootropics, for the time being at least SKQ1 is quite expensive, if you're interested in hacking your Mitochondria for performance enhancement, you'll want to use the Mitochondrial supplements I list here.

Skq1 Antibiotic

A 2017 in vitro study out of Lomonosov Moscow State University observed that SKQ1's targeting made it a highly effective antibiotic:

Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are known to alleviate mitochondrial oxidative damage that is associated with a variety of diseases...

Therefore, SkQ1 may be effective in protection of the infected mammals by killing invading bacteria.

Skq1 Parkinson/ Alzheimer's

Alzheimer's disease. Yes.

Neuro-protective for Parkinson - No results found for neuroproteoctive skq1 

Arun investigation into safety of c60

I love and respect SENS. They like “Immortality Institute” and Longecity. Last even has an Indian chapter.

Exploring life extension

Scholarly articles for safety of c60

Biological Safety of LipoFullerene composed of … - ‎Kato - Cited by 45 Optical limiting performance of C60 and C70 solutions - ‎Tutt - Cited by 1031 Toxicity studies of fullerenes and derivatives - ‎Kolosnjaj - Cited by 149

Search Results

Web results

Medicinal applications of fullerenes - NCBI - NIH

1                     The fullerene C60 is used in consumer products such as cosmetics owing to its antioxidative effects and is being developed for nanomedical applications. However, knowledge regarding the safety of fullerene C60, especially after oral administration, is sparse. Here, we examined the safety of fullerene C60 in mice after 7 d of exposure to orally administered polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-wrapped fullerene C60 (PVP-fullerene C60). Mice treated with PVP-fullerene C60 showed few changes in the plasma levels of various markers of kidney and liver injury and experienced no significant hematologic effects. Furthermore, the histology of the colon of PVP-fullerene C60-treated mice was indistinguishable from that of control mice. These results suggest that PVP-fullerene C60 lacks toxicity after high-dose oral administration and indicate that PVPfullerene C60 can be considered safe for oral medication. These data provide basic information that likely will facilitate the production of safe and effective forms of fullerene C60.

Epistemological note: Refereed in prestigious journal. Dated 2012, way before business-types got into act. Also from Japan, with low business-abuse of academic scientists.

            2.  Water-soluble form of fullerene C₆₀ is a promising tool for the control of ROS-dependent inflammation including allergic diseases. Anti-inflammatory effects of C₆₀ (nC₆₀) aqueous dispersion were evaluated in the mouse models of atopic dermatitis using subcutaneous (SC) and epicutaneous (EC) applications during 50 days period. A highly stable nC₆₀ was prepared by exhaustive dialysis of water-organic C₆₀ solution against water, where the size and ζ-potential of fullerene nanoparticles are about 100 nm and −30 mV, respectively.

Go to:

Results

To induce skin inflammation, female BALB/c mice were EC sensitized with ovalbumin three times during one-weekly exposures. The nC₆₀ solution was administrated in mice subcutaneously (SC) (0.1 mg/kg) and epicutaneously (EC) (1 mg/kg). Significant suppression of IgE and Th2 cytokines production and a concomitant rise in concentrations of Th1 cytokines were observed in nC₆₀-treated groups. In addition, a significant increase in the levels of Foxp3⁺ and filaggrin mRNA expression was observed at EC application. Histological examination of skin samples indicated that therapeutic effect was achieved by both EC and SC treatment, but it was more effective with EC. Pronounced reduction of the eosinophil and leukocyte infiltration in treated skin samples was observed.

Go to:

Conclusions

We suppose that nC60 treatment shifts immune response from Th2 to Th1 and restores to some extent the function of the skin barrier. This approach can be a good alternative to the treatment of allergic and other inflammatory diseases.

Epistemological note ncbi paper which is refereed and no evident conflict of interest.

                3. The fullerene C60 is used in consumer products such as cosmetics owing to its antioxidative effects and is being developed for nanomedical applications. However, knowledge regarding the safety of fullerene C60, especially after oral administration, is sparse. Here, we examined the safety of fullerene C60 in mice after 7 d of exposure to orally administered polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-wrapped fullerene C60 (PVP-fullerene C60). Mice treated with PVP-fullerene C60 showed few changes in the plasma levels of various markers of kidney and liver injury and experienced no significant hematologic effects. Furthermore, the histology of the colon of PVP-fullerene C60-treated mice was indistinguishable from that of control mice. These results suggest that PVP-fullerene C60 lacks toxicity after high-dose oral administration and indicate that PVPfullerene C60 can be considered safe for oral medication. These data provide basic information that likely will facilitate the production of safe and effective forms of fullerene C60.

Epistemological note Refereed in prestigious journal. Dated 2012, way before business-types got into act. Also from Japan, with low business-abuse of academic scientists.

It means that if needed, will start on C60 therapy, much by epistemological filters, not by any MD advice. I think my problems, Aging and Parkinson, have no mm solutions.

Arun on Aging/Parkinson: c60 buckyballs

So far I have explained

2.      The rationale behind my choice of Metformin/mitoq/NMN – just these. More research on SKQ1,c60 and rapamycin.

2.       Reasons for irrelevance of modern medicine (awake allopathy), let alone discounted Ayurveda or criminal Homeopathy. Very few mm have any interest in rational life-extension (if possible), very new things (reasonable NMN is 2018, never human tested but anecdotal, only mice). Perhaps all my notes are destined to waste paper in best of worst case (worst of worst case means lots of money too).

3.       Mice make reasonable human model. This means that safety and dosage (mg per kg wt.)can be extrapolated. Reason why for me is belief in anecdotal pronouncements by Dr. Sinclair! Note that it does not apply to 99.99% human MD, institute, experience etc. The reason why this Doc satisfies my rational scepticism is

a.       He became a billionaire by past efforts (invention) of resveratrol, abandoned on account of bio-availability

b.      He claims to have been on it when unreasonable expensive ($2000 Per month)

c.       Claims to feed his father too

d.      Claims benefits

e.      Mice verified

f.        Has developed the idea of Sirtuins (1-7) that explain the anti-aging

Point is that it is unlikely he suffers judgment lapses from benefits – the Elysium recommendations are different and latter is staffed even better reputation! Alas, all of them are regular research professors who COULD (no reason to doubt their word) be bought by conflict of interest. No amount of proof by them can convince, my simple response is “Show and pass Dr. Sinclair filter first”! NASA has chosen him for health of its astronauts to Mars and not only is he likely without conflict of interest but likely to follow genuine developments in aging!

4.       Not only does above satisfy my urge to extreme caution in difficult areas like aging, when most of my friends are advised to await empirical studies (phase 2 have started, take 2 years). Not followed by me after Parkinson damage is ongoing, NMN likely to help as it can cross blood-brain).

5.       I am a chicken when it comes to C60! It is known that quantum dots can cross the blood-brain barrier and destroy unholy protein clumps (Parkinson and Alzheimer’s). However the dots are not available in mg quantities! One can use C-60 that is Buckminster fullerene from C. It is also nano-medicine form of C that also crosses blood-brain barrier. Here I will wait for others because we have no mice results on safety of C60.

Why does mitoq work?

Mitoq is wittigified version of coQ10. It allows coQ10 molecule to tunnel through mitochondrial wall without losses. It is explained by greatly positive form of the molecule and negatively charged mitochondria! Adding the alkene group through wittig ,makes coQ10 very positive. Same can be done to c60, Let us add a COOH group. The new form has some better properties

Interested in fullerene: Research:  We recommend anyone considering C60 to do their own research.  Below are a few links to help you get started.

The proposed mechanism indicates that C60 has the ability to acquire positive charge by absorbing protons (positively charged hydrogen atoms) and this complex could enter the mitochondria, leading to a decrease in reactive oxygen species production. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/821498/

Computer simulations have shown that C60 has the ability the pass through lipid membranes, enter the cell, and alter its functions. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18654548

2017 review from Royal Society of Chemistry Journal. https://www.sesres.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Edison-Castro-Fullerenes-in-Bio-Med.pdf

FDA Compliance: The consumption of C60 and the above statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.  This product is not intended to treat any disease.

6.       Note that FDA does not prevent self-tests. I will go to c60 if and when my condition deteriorates. It may turn out that c60 products are better used in early stages. That is a risk I knowingly take. Better mice safety studies will unchicken me.

PREPARING FOR PARKINSON

latest link

Philosophically, I am not satisfied by the doctor saying, no Parkinson yet, pointless to worry about a disease with no medicine, only symptomatic medicine! I am not like 99.9% who take it lying down! At the same time, I chase only philosophically valid (have untested but possible rationale) wind mills and never mills that defy current medicine. In other words, attribute innovations filling completeness only. Parkinson is better than similar Alzheimer’s being more visible, even then an elderly disease.

Why believe US MRI and MRA?

Taking sections of my brain images, specially the substia-nigra part, normal people have dopamine cells appearing black. These are progressively reduced. That is what has happened to me, even though current symptoms are not debilitating. Why? Don’t care yet!

How do doctors handle it?

Symptomatic. There are 3 steps on any disease.

1.      Stop the damage.

2.      Restore the chemicals not being produced.

3.      Restore the damaged part.

The doctors are helpless in 1 and 3. L-dopa is given for 2. It works for 5 years. By then the body gets used and low effective even as disease progresses. Switch to others for another 5 years. By then the patient has progressed to dementia!

So how do you expect to be different?

Parkinson’s disease involves gradually worsening tremors and movement problems. It is thought to be caused by a protein called synuclein found in nerve cells folding into the wrong shape, which triggers a chain reaction of misfolding in nearby synuclein molecules. This leads to a build-up of long strands or “fibrils” of the protein, killing neurons.

By nature I consider homeopathy criminal, Ayurveda rarely applicable, allopathy dumb half the time. The applicable part is modern medicine, mm. Most doctors don’t educate themselves in modern practices and are routinely dumb, especially against diseases on elderly and aging. Not surprisingly, Parkinson and Alzheimers resemble Aging, may have common solutions outside the comprehension of mm doctors. I believe we have discovered anti-aging in nmn, anti-debilitation in Mitoq and metformin for pseudo-diabetes from aging. Time will tell. I do believe that my anti-aging program will make me first human to attack Parkinson and Alzheimer’s and make survival to age 150 worthwhile, awaiting transfaction based extension to tghousands of years!

What differences in your routine?

Parkinson is basically mitochondria based disease. For it to be helped, you must essentially do to brain-cells what is done for anti-aging outside, namely nmn. That crosses the blood-brain barrier. Neither ECP or HOT will help. How can one do ECP on brain fluids?One great opportunity is in quantum dots in brain, possible in 5 years! Note that elderly diseases of Alzheimer's (amyloids)and Parkinson's (synclein) are both caused by protein aggegates, attacked by the quantum dots.

Graphene quantum dots prevent α-synucleinopathy in Parki nson’s disease

Nature Nanotechnology (2018) | 

Abstract

Though emerging evidence indicates that the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease is strongly correlated to the accumulation^1,2 and transmission^3,4 of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in the midbrain, no anti-aggregation agents have been successful at treating the disease in the clinic. Here, we show that graphene quantum dots (GQDs) inhibit fibrillization of α-syn and interact directly with mature fibrils, triggering their disaggregation. Moreover, GQDs can rescue neuronal death and synaptic loss, reduce Lewy body and Lewy neurite formation, ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunctions, and prevent neuron-to-neuron transmission of α-syn pathology provoked by α-syn preformed fibrils^5,6. We observe, in vivo, that GQDs penetrate the blood–brain barrier and protect against dopamine neuron loss induced by α-syn preformed fibrils, Lewy body/Lewy neurite pathology and behavioural deficits.

Roundtrip agaist Facabook

Encapsulated link for interesting friends

https://aaqg-arunarya.blogspot.com/2018/08/biology-of-aging-for-engineer-friends.html

Biology of Aging for Engineer friends

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIzEjm7O11M&feature=youtu.be

The purpose of these series of notes is not to convert into new researchers, only to provide a basic set of ideas to understand some work. Entwined are descriptions of some kingdoms, for some botany, entomology etc. are also needed and thrown in. 99.99% human believe that aging is natural. I don't, and have reasons to believe in life extensions before expected death naturally and even widespread life extension in USA by end of 2020. Any life-extension would dwarf every political dispute ever.

Life is cellular. Less than a cell are viruses. They are perfect salts and reproduce only by invading a host. Routinely, they attack true unicellular beings called bacteria (or archea etc). This attack and destruction can be utilized for narrow spectrum antibiotics against resistant bacteria!

Most important to any life is a cell. A cell for us the main DNA and 0 to 2000 mitochondria. 0 in red blood cells to 2000 in liver cells.  Mitochondria have their own DNA and give rise to own diseases and aging However we ignore aging from it, focusing on main DNA in the nucleus.

The study of aging - gerontology - is a relatively new science that has made incredible progress over the last 30 years. In the past, scientists looked for a single theory that explained aging. There are two main groups of aging theories. The first group states that aging is natural and programmed into the body, while the second group of aging theories says that aging is a result of damage which is accumulated over time. In the end, aging is a complex interaction of genetics, chemistry, physiology, and behavior.

 Theories of Aging

By understanding and describing how we age, researchers have developed several different theories of aging. The two categories are programmed theories and error theories.

• Programmed Theories assert that the human body is designed to age and there is a certain biological timeline that our bodies follow.
• Programmed Longevity: Aging is caused by certain genes switching on and off over time.
• Endocrine Theory: Changes in hormones control aging.
• Immunological Theory: The immune system is programmed to decline over time, leaving people more susceptible to diseases.
• Error Theories assert that aging is caused by environmental damage to our body's systems, which accumulates over time.​
• Wear and Tear: Cells and tissues simply wear out.
• Rates of Living: The faster an organism uses oxygen, the shorter it lives.
• Cross-Linking: Cross-linked proteins accumulate and slow down body processes.
• Free Radicals: Free radicals cause damage to cells that eventually impairs function.
• Somatic DNA Damage: Genetic mutations cause cells to malfunction.

I have no toleration towards people who subscribe to programmed theories, even if they were to be mostly right because if there is any man-effort in challenging the gods, that belief weakens my morale!

Genetics and Aging

Studies have demonstrated that genetics can play a major role in aging. When researchers adjust the genes in certain mice, yeast cells, and other organisms, they can almost double the lifespan of these creatures. The meaning of these experiments for people is not known, but researchers think that genetics account for up to 35 percent of the variation in aging among people. Some key concepts in genetics and aging include:

• Longevity Genes: There are specific genes which help a person live longer.
• Cell Senescence: The process by which cells deteriorate over time.
• Telomeres: Structures on the end of DNA that eventually are depleted, resulting in cells ceasing to replicate.
• Stem Cells: These cells can become any type of cell in the body and hold promise to repair damage caused by aging.

Biochemistry

No matter what genes you have inherited, your body is continually undergoing complex biochemical reactions. Some of these reactions cause damage and, ultimately, aging in the body. Studying these complex reactions is helping researchers understand how the body changes as it ages. Important concepts in the biochemistry of aging include:

• Free Radicals: Unstable oxygen molecules which can damage cells.
• Protein Cross-Linking: Excess sugars in the bloodstream can cause protein molecules to literally stick together.
• DNA Repair: For unknown reasons, the systems in the body to repair DNA seem to become less effective in older people.
• Heat Shock Proteins: These proteins help cells survive stress and are present in fewer numbers in older people.
• Hormones: The body's hormones change as we age, causing many shifts in organ systems and other functions.

Body Systems

As we age, our body's organs and other systems make changes. These changes alter our susceptibility to various diseases. Researchers are just beginning to understand the processes that cause changes over time in our body systems. Understanding these processes is important because many of the effects of aging are first noticed in our body systems. Here is a brief overview of how body systems age:

• Heart Aging: The heart muscle thickens with age as a response to the thickening of the arteries. This thicker heart has a lower maximum pumping rate.
• Immune System Aging: T cells take longer to replenish in older people and their ability to function declines.
• Arteries and Aging: Arteries usually to stiffen with age, making it more difficult for the heart to pump blood through them.
• Lung Aging: The maximum capacity of the lungs may decrease as much as 40 percent between ages 20 and 70.
• Brain Aging: As the brain ages, some of the connections between neurons seem to be reduced or less efficient. This is not yet well understood.
• Kidney Aging: The kidneys become less efficient at cleaning waste from the body.
• Bladder Aging: The total capacity of the bladder declines and tissues may atrophy, causing incontinence.
• Body Fat and Aging: Body fat increases until middle age and then weight typically begins to decrease. The body fat also moves deeper in the body as we age.
• Muscle Aging: Muscle tone declines about 22 percent by age 70, though exercise can slow this decline.

• Bone Aging: Starting at age 35, our bones begin to lose density. Walking, running and resistance training can slow this process.
• Sight and Aging: Starting in the 40s, difficulty seeing close detail may begin.
• Hearing and Aging: As people age, the ability to hear high frequencies declines.

Behavioral Factors

The good news is that many of these causes of aging can be modified through your behaviors:

• By eating foods loaded with antioxidants, you can minimize damage caused by free radicals.
• By exercising, you can limit bone and muscle loss.
• By keeping your cholesterol low, you can slow the hardening of your arteries and protect your heart.
• By practicing mental fitness, you can keep your brain sharp.

Lifestyle factors have also been shown to extend life. Rats and mice on a calorie restricted diet (30 percent fewer daily calories) live up to 40 percent longer. Positive thinking has also been shown to extend life in people by up to 7.5 years.

Cell Biology

 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Animal_Cell.svg/800px-Animal_Cell.svg.png

Components of a typical animal cell:

1.    Nucleolus

2.    Nucleus

3.    Ribosome (little dots)

4.    Vesicle

5.    Rough endoplasmic reticulum

6.    Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body")

7.    Cytoskeleton

8.    Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

9.    Mitochondrion

10.  Vacuole

11.  Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles, comprising the cytoplasm)

12.  Lysosome

13.  Centrosome

14.  Cell membrane

Remember that a cell does ALL the things that a life does, all without any magic, spirituality etc, by simple chemistry in my thinking. It is simple if known, very hard if not. Energy is produced by Krebs cycle from food particles, which are carbohydrate, protein or fat through Krebs cycle. This very complicated cycle is idealized as three sub cycles with one tracer molecule. The three tracers are NAD+, ATP and rest of citric acid cycle. NAD which in turn can be synthesized or reused by salvage cycle from the waste products of the previous sub cycle. Synthesis from amino acids is rare. Salvage step is constructed from NMN.  NR makes NMN with the NAMPT filter. Best idealization in my mind is that NMN is one step away while NR is two steps away from NAD+ we need. Direct NAD+ is a bad idea. Every step in biology is about 10% from bio-availability. NAD+ is produced inside mitochondria.

Bioavailability is great engineering block on all bioscience!

Consider CoQ10 which is required by the ATP sub cycle. There are commercial losses before eating. Then there are stomach wall losses, while the molecule enters the blood stream. Then there are cell absorption losses. Finally there are losses to mitochondrial wall. There is always the limiting concentration of the safe carriage of the chemical in blood. So you can at most ingest 1000 mg of CoQ10 is the safe limit on ingesting. Lucky to get 10 mg on all mitochondria!

Science is about determining effects, doctors are really engineers that determine what is needed, then package the needs based on quantity, time and dosage considering the side effects.

Bioavailability is crucial.

It is. So low for glutathione anti-oxidant and melanin reducer (skin whitens). So much that useless in quaff form. Best injected into bloodstream by a drip. That means a medical establishment, common in Korea and opening in India slowly. In both cultures, fairness of skin enhances marriage value! Another is resveratrol. It is the latest failure – great bioscience but poor engineering with catastrophic unpassable bio-availability failures.

What is Coq10?

It is a vitamin like substance which acts as a usefulanti-oxidant in ATP production and thus helps the heart muscle with mitochondria-rich cells. I recommend it at 400 mg per day in divided doses to all above 60, independent of need, solely for Aging disease.

What is called (Arun neologism) a wittig form?

By witting reaction, a form of CoQ10 exists without losses in mitochondrial absorption. Not surpsingly, this form called Mitoq needs only 5mg to equal 500 mg of CoQ10! The general concept is conversion of any molecule to a form that delivers the base molecule without losses at mitochondria.

What more about wittig forms?

There are no wittig forms that came from literature searches except one, the skq1 molecule similar to Mitoq, is loved by Russians and being human tested for anti-aging properties. The wiitigified anti-oxidant is however plant based. Mitoq I suspect has Anti-aging properties not tested properly because it is very pricy ($1-2 per day) (link discounted as sales-pitch). SKQ1 has been approved for human use in Russia! Sold in drug stores!

 

In many ways 2018 is a water-shed year between classic think and new quantum-think. The old dreams will cease to realistic, new dreams will be radically different. I envy those being born. It is all about exponential speed up. An Arab fighter of 1000AD would not have much to learn in 1500 in launch of ships to America. The world changed radically between 1500 and 2000. That difference now happens in 20 years! About others I don’t know, but I still remember CS MTech (1975-1977) at IIT Kanpur and me trying to guess what humans would do with projected IBM mainframe on a chip! There was no internet, Microsoft, Google or Apple or Facebook or mobile phens then! Even more shocking is about encryption in 2000 and today! In 2000AD, I saved for a Gigabyte drive and 128K memory. My latest purchase is 8 GB RAM and 4 TB disks

.
Past the watershed is my phone-sleeve (surrounds any phone for) universal panic button, reminder's to eat medicine - programmable sleeve not software, mobiles that can do lot more using local AI,  5G and killing of TV. Welcome to the 2nd industrial revolution, WHERE DEATH IS RARE AND 1ST GENETIC REVOLUTION WHERE DEBILITATION IS RARE..

Stem cells

A human is formed from union of male and female pluripotent cell repatedly splitting and specializing. Apoptosis message are generated to delete cells produced, The entire process is probabilistic. Biologists classify cells whicch are not in their final specialization into pluripotent 9all can form) to multipotent     Mesenchymal stem cells or MSC. Most early researchers used human PSC obtained from abortions. Nowadays iPS cells (induced) exist which are artificially created.

Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes(cartilage cells), myocytes (muscle cells) and adipocytes (fat cells which give rise to marrow adipose tissue).

So called iPS are created many ways - one is small chemical/biological modifications of extracted bone marrow from the patient. These can be coaxed into dopamin bearing cells for humans!

Why must go faster

The science of Parkinson