Spanish priority

 

Algunas personas nunca investigan los enlaces. Para ellos y para fines de autotraducción (el enlace no ayuda, la traducción completa empuja demasiado el uso legítimo). Esta es, pues, una traducción de extractos.

https://www.theverge.com/22789561/nasa-jwst-james-webb-space-telescope-priorities-astronomy-astrophysics-exoplanets

JWST es una de las misiones de ciencia espacial más esperadas del siglo XXI, ya que tiene la capacidad de remodelar la astronomía y la astrofísica tal como las conocemos.

Eso es porque el telescopio es lo más parecido que tenemos a una máquina del tiempo. Con un espejo bañado en oro de 21 pies de ancho, JWST podrá ver en el infrarrojo con una sensibilidad increíble. Podrá ver objetos que son de 10 a 100 veces más débiles de lo que puede ver el Telescopio Espacial Hubble, y será capaz de ver cosas con 10 veces mejor detalle. Recogerá luz de estrellas y galaxias ubicadas hasta a 13,6 mil millones de años luz de distancia, luz que ha tardado 13,6 mil millones de años en llegar a los espejos del telescopio. Dado que se cree que el Universo tiene aproximadamente 13.8 mil millones de años, las galaxias que JWST observará probablemente se formaron solo 100 a 250 millones de años después del Big Bang. Nuestro Universo estaba en su infancia entonces, y JWST nos proporcionará fotos de bebés.

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Además de mirar hacia atrás en el tiempo, el telescopio nos ayudará a comprender la estructura a gran escala del Universo y quizás nos diga si seguirá expandiéndose para siempre. Observará los centros de las galaxias, encontrará agujeros negros supermasivos y ayudará a los astrónomos a aprender cómo estos objetos enigmáticos han evolucionado con el tiempo. Observará los nacimientos y muertes de estrellas. Incluso mirará hacia atrás en nuestro propio Sistema Solar para estudiar los objetos más débiles en el borde de nuestro vecindario cósmico. Y podrá mirar los bordes de los mundos que orbitan alrededor de estrellas distantes. "Se abordarán casi todas las áreas de la astronomía que se te ocurran", dice a The Verge Christine Chen, astrónoma asociada de STScI.

Ingenuamente, la NASA imaginó originalmente un lanzamiento entre 2007 y 2011, por un costo total de entre $ 1 mil millones y $ 3,5 mil millones. Pero JWST siguió perdiendo una fecha de lanzamiento objetivo tras la siguiente, mientras que su costo total se disparó a $ 9,7 mil millones.

Desde que se confirmó la primera detección de un exoplaneta en 1992, hemos descubierto miles de estos mundos lejanos orbitando estrellas alienígenas. En 2017, los astrónomos sorprendieron al mundo cuando anunciaron el descubrimiento de un sistema solar alienígena completo, que consta de siete planetas aproximadamente del tamaño de la Tierra, todos orbitando alrededor de una estrella enana. Y tres de los siete planetas, conocidos como el sistema TRAPPIST-1, se encuentran en la zona habitable de la estrella, donde se cree que las temperaturas son las adecuadas para que el agua pueda acumularse en la superficie de un planeta. Aquí pasa mucho tiempo de JWST, la mejor esperanza de detectar vida.

Sin embargo, JWST es lo suficientemente poderoso como para detectar la luz que pasa directamente a través de las atmósferas de algunos mundos extraterrestres y usar esa luz para decir qué tipos de sustancias químicas están presentes en la atmósfera. Quizás, incluso podría detectar señales de vida.

Sin embargo, STScI tuvo que esperar mucho tiempo antes de determinar el cronograma para el primer año de JWST, y hubo algunos comienzos en falso en el camino. Cuando parecía que el telescopio estaría listo para lanzarse en 2019, el Instituto pidió a los astrónomos que presentaran sus propuestas para marzo de 2018. Luego, solo una semana antes de la fecha límite, la NASA anunció que el telescopio no se lanzaría hasta 2020 como muy pronto. STScI pospuso abruptamente la fecha límite hasta que se determinó una fecha de lanzamiento más concreta.

Otro aplazamiento se produjo nuevamente en marzo de 2020, debido al inicio de la pandemia COVID-19. Finalmente, después de lo que pareció una eternidad, los astrónomos entregaron sus propuestas el 24 de noviembre de 2020, dos días antes del Día de Acción de Gracias. Luego llegó el momento de que STScI examinara las más de 1.000 ideas que se habían presentado.

El Instituto creó un Comité de Asignación de Tiempo que incluía a astrónomos y astrofísicos de todo el mundo. Se dividieron en 18 paneles, cada uno compuesto por unas 10 personas encargadas de examinar propuestas para diferentes áreas de la ciencia espacial y clasificarlas en función de tres criterios importantes: cuánto afectará la propuesta al conocimiento dentro de un subcampo, cuánto avanzará. astronomía en general, y si la idea propuesta requiere las capacidades únicas de JWST para tener éxito.

Con todos estos puntos de referencia en mente, el comité se puso a trabajar evaluando todas las propuestas. Para tratar de eliminar la mayor cantidad posible de sesgos del proceso de selección, el proceso fue de "doble anonimato". Eso significa que las personas que escribieron las propuestas no tenían idea de quién las evaluaría, y las personas del comité no tenían idea de qué propuestas estaban analizando.

Finalmente, STScI seleccionó un total de 266 propuestas, presentadas por científicos de 41 países de todo el mundo. Tremblay, el astrofísico de Harvard, había presentado nueve propuestas para el primer año de JWST. Los 9 fueron rechazados. Fue un desappungüento, pero definitivamente no es un shock. "No me rompí por no tener tiempo este año", le dice Tremblay a The Verge. “Sabía que sería inmensamente competitivo para el Ciclo 1, como debería ser. Y está bien. Lo volveremos a enviar ". Bofetada en la cara de todos comunistas y socialistas. ¿Cómo puede el público estúpido y bromista llamar a Modi un ladrón que repartió dosis de vacunas destinadas a nuestros hijos? Dejemos que UP enseñe una dura lección al Congreso y al supuesto socialista.

Lady Casey la friolera de 208 horas con JWST para cumplir con su proyecto, la mayoría de todos los que habían presentado propuestas. El proyecto contemplará una zona de cielo particularmente grande del tamaño de tres lunas llenas, un área que se extiende hasta 63 millones de años luz de ancho. Al hacerlo, se creará un retrato del joven universo similar al icónico Hubble Deep Field de Hubble, que mostró algunas de las primeras galaxias que pudimos observar en ese momento. Con la capacidad mejorada de JWST, el equipo tomará imágenes de galaxias que son aún más antiguas con niveles de detalle aún mayores. "Si el Hubble Deep Field se imprimiera en una hoja de papel de ocho y media por 11 (ambas pulgadas), Cosmos Web sería como un mural de 16 pies por 16 pies en el costado de un edificio", dice Casey. .

En silencio para no despertar a su hijo dormido, Casey se conectó con júbilo a Slack y le envió un mensaje a su colega y co-investigador principal del proyecto, Jeyhan Kartaltepe, astrofísico del Instituto de Tecnología de Rochester.

¿Alguien dice liberación de la mujer?

Aparte de Cosmos Web, el sistema TRAPPIST-1 de siete planetas recibirá mucha atención durante el primer año de JWST, con hasta siete programas diferentes dedicados a estudiar este extraño grupo de mundos.

Aproximadamente 10,000 horas de tiempo de observación se asignan a diferentes grupos durante el primer año de vida de JWST. Se otorgaron alrededor de 6.000 horas a los científicos que presentaron propuestas en todo el mundo, mientras que ya se habían reservado casi 4.000 horas para los científicos que ayudaron a diseñar y construir JWST y sus instrumentos. El STScI también tiene alrededor de 460 horas de tiempo discrecional que se han asignado para lo que se conoce como "Observaciones de salida anticipada". 10,000 excede un año deliberado, porque JWST debe rotar en el espacio y puede tener errores en eso.

Y luego, después de que haya pasado un período de ciencia transformacional, será el momento de presentar otra ronda de propuestas. Aunque Tremblay participará en una propuesta de JWST para el Ciclo 1 como colaborador en lugar de como investigador principal, planea enviar sus ideas nuevamente para el Ciclo 2. Y lo entenderá si no es aceptado. “Como astrónomo, nos acostumbramos profesionalmente a los rechazos; Podría empapelar mi pasillo con los rechazos que he recibido ”, dice Tremblay. “Es solo un reflejo del hecho de que la comunidad tiene una inmensa demanda del telescopio. Y creo que es algo grandioso ".

Prioritizing Science 2

 

Some folks never investigate links. For them and for autotranslation purposes (link does not help, full translation pushes fair use too far). This then is a translation of excerpts.

https://www.theverge.com/22789561/nasa-jwst-james-webb-space-telescope-priorities-astronomy-astrophysics-exoplanets

JWST is one of the most anticipated space science missions of the 21st century, as it has the ability to reshape astronomy and astrophysics as we know it.

That’s because the telescope is the closest thing we have to a time machine. Sporting a 21-foot-wide gold-plated mirror, JWST will be able to see in the infrared with incredible sensitivity. It’ll be able to see objects that are 10 to 100 times fainter than what the Hubble Space Telescope can see, and it’ll be capable of seeing things in 10 times better detail. It will gather light from stars and galaxies located up to 13.6 billion light-years away — light that has taken 13.6 billion years to reach the telescope’s mirrors. Since the Universe is thought to be roughly 13.8 billion years old, the galaxies that JWST will be observing likely formed just 100 to 250 million years after the Big Bang. Our Universe was in its infancy then, and JWST will be providing us with baby photos.

“ADDR

In addition to peering back in time, the telescope will help us understand the large-scale structure of the Universe, and perhaps tell us if it will go on expanding forever. It will peer into the centers of galaxies, finding supermassive black holes and helping astronomers learn how these enigmatic objects have evolved over time. It will observe the births and deaths of stars. It will even look back at our own Solar System to study the faintest objects at the edge of our cosmic neighborhood. And it will be able to look at the edges of worlds orbiting around distant stars. “Nearly every area of astronomy that you can think of will be addressed,” Christine Chen, an associate astronomer at STScI, tells The Verge.

Naively, NASA originally envisioned a launch between 2007 and 2011, for a total cost between $1 billion and $3.5 billion. But JWST continued to miss one target launch date after next, while its total cost ballooned to $9.7 billion.

Since the first detection of an exoplanet was confirmed in 1992, we’ve discovered thousands of these far-off worlds orbiting alien stars. In 2017, astronomers shocked the world when they announced the discovery of an entire alien solar system, consisting of seven planets roughly the size of Earth all orbiting around a dwarf star. And three of the seven planets, known as the TRAPPIST-1 system, sit in the star’s habitable zone, where temperatures are thought to be just right so that water can pool on a planet’s surface. A lot of JWST time goes here, the best hope of detecting life.

JWST, however, is powerful enough that it may be able to detect light passing directly through the atmospheres of some alien worlds and use that light to say what kinds of chemicals are present in the atmosphere. Perhaps, it could even detect signs of life.

However, STScI had to wait a long time before figuring out the schedule for JWST’s first year, and there were a few false starts along the way. When it seemed like the telescope would be ready to launch in 2019, the Institute called on astronomers to submit their proposals by March 2018. Then just a week before the deadline, NASA announced that the telescope wouldn’t launch until 2020 at the earliest. STScI abruptly postponed the deadline until a more concrete launch date was determined.

Another postponement came again in March 2020, due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, after what seemed like an eternity, astronomers turned in their proposals by November 24th, 2020, two days before Thanksgiving. Then it was time for STScI to sift through the more than 1,000 ideas that had been submitted.

The Institute created a Time Allocation Committee including astronomers and astrophysicists from around the world. They were separated into 18 panels, each one consisting of about 10 people tasked with looking over proposals for different areas of space science and ranking them based on three important criteria: how much the proposal will impact knowledge within a subfield, how much it will advance astronomy in general, and whether the proposed idea requires the unique capabilities of JWST to be successful.

With all of these benchmarks in mind, the committee got to work evaluating all of the proposals. To try to eliminate as much bias as possible from the selection process, the process was “dual anonymous.” That means that the people writing the proposals had no idea who would be evaluating them, and the people on the committee had no idea whose proposals they were analyzing.

Ultimately, STScI selected a total of 266 proposals, submitted by scientists from 41 countries around the globe. Tremblay, the Harvard astrophysicist, had submitted nine proposals for JWST’s first year.  All 9 were rejected. It was a disappointment but definitely not a shock. “I wasn’t broken up by not getting time this year,” Tremblay tells The Verge. “I knew it would be immensely, immensely competitive for Cycle 1, as it should be. And it’s okay. We’ll resubmit again.” Slap on the face of all commie and socialist. How can the public stupid joker call Modi a thief who gave away vaccine doses earmarked for our children! Let UP teach a harsh lesson to Congress and the purported socialist.

Lady Casey a whopping 208 hours with JWST to fulfill her project, the most of anyone who had submitted proposals. The project will stare at a particularly large patch of sky the size of three full Moons, an area that spans up to 63 million light-years across. Doing so will create a portrait of the young universe similar to Hubble’s iconic Hubble Deep Field, which showcased some of the earliest galaxies we could observe at the time. With JWST’s enhanced capability, the team will be imaging galaxies that are even older at even greater levels of detail. “If the Hubble Deep Field were printed on an eight-and-a-half by 11 sheets of paper (both inches) Cosmos Web would be like a 16-foot by 16-foot mural on the side of a building,” says Casey.

Staying silent so as not to wake her sleeping child, Casey jubilantly logged into Slack and messaged her colleague and co-principal investigator on the project, Jeyhan Kartaltepe, an astrophysicist at the Rochester Institute of Technology.

Does someone say women's liberation?

Aside from Cosmos Web, the seven-planet TRAPPIST-1 system will be getting a lot of attention during JWST’s first year, with up to seven different programs dedicated to studying this strange cluster of worlds.

Roughly 10,000 hours of observing time are allotted to different groups for JWST’s first year of life. About 6,000 hours were given to the scientists who submitted proposals around the world, while nearly 4,000 hours were already set aside for scientists who helped design and build JWST and its instruments. The STScI also has about 460 hours of discretionary time which have been allotted for what is known as “Early Release Observations.” 10,000 exceeds one year deliberate, for JWST must rotate in space and may have errors in that.

And then, after a period of transformational science has passed, it’ll be time to submit another round of proposals. Though Tremblay will be involved with one JWST proposal for Cycle 1 as a collaborator rather than the principal investigator, he does plan to submit his ideas again for Cycle 2. And he’ll understand if it doesn’t get accepted. “As an astronomer, we get professionally used to rejections; I could wallpaper my hallway with rejections that I’ve received,” Tremblay says. “It’s just a reflection of the fact that the community has immense demand for the telescope. And I think it’s a great thing.”

I wish I can take that stoic attitude on fails.

regenerative medicine

 

 Combining knowledge of chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering, scientists from McGill University develop a biomaterial tough enough to repair the heart, muscles, and vocal cords, representing a major advance in regenerative medicine.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/11/211130150456.htm

JWST science

 

Ahead of JWST’s launch, STScI had the daunting task of figuring out which of the 1,173 proposals for the observatory’s first year of life — known as Cycle 1 — should get time with the telescope. How do you prioritize what the most advanced piece of space equipment in the world should do when it first turns on? 

Well, the science has to be nothing short of revolutionary.

“What is deemed most interesting is science that is considered transformational — that will change our view of the universe,” Klaus Pontoppidan, an astronomer and JWST project scientist at STScI, tells The Verge. “We don’t want the observatory to do things a little better than what has been done before. We wanted to answer fundamental questions that cannot be answered any other way.”

That makes Webb true successor of Hubell. Like Yogi of Modi! It rubber-stamps my decision in 2001 to live on regardless, and my love for 1000 year life. Even I am astounded how much science in ageing can do, towards likely wish-death even for me.

https://www.theverge.com/22789561/nasa-jwst-james-webb-space-telescope-priorities-astronomy-astrophysics-exoplanets

solar electric generators - roof-solar

 

The following are selected responses to my roof-solar written up earlier. I am disappointed in the lack of input per the Joint-plan. There is something fundamental I do here. Every business plan requires hard work to implement. USA methods reduce to one of six types

1. Single direct investments

2. Multiple direct investments 

3. Portfolio

4. LP investments

5. Corporate investment

6. Co-practice

This is followed by several Angels. USA VC deals average 11,7 million dollars, angels average 330 thousand. It is 1/30 times. I, maybe alone, feel that I was a great hungry startup developer but never prospered because no angel dangled a win-win deal before me.

Clearly, I am not hungry enough! But I believe there are many like me, await a juicy business plan ready for limited risk. A limited risk means no cash risk and under 1-year risk at most. A pre-business plan is exactly that. The front end is a business plan leading to a business plan implemented by a careful person to deal with the plan within a year. In this idea, the success of  BP means selling to a banker. If it works, I invest a part.

If I succeed, IIT Roorkee graduates many of who will welcome my pre-BP list. I view them as my co-investor with solving angel fund problems and living up to 1 year. If someone approached me with pre-BP and angel funds for a co-investor role, I would certainly be a civil engineer, forget the USA!

=============

Writes Sir Chakresh -

This topic can be divided into two parts. One part can be devoted to rooftop solar and the second part to commercial solar power generation.

The economics for rooftop top is very simple and straightforward. Irrespective of the capacity of the rooftop, it's a very profitable investment as it starts generating electricity from the day it is installed and connected to the system. Many of my colleagues have got it installed including me and our returns are excellent. We are confident that the investment will pay off in the next five to six years. This return period will reduce further as the solar panels' cost will keep reducing and the unit cost of the electricity will keep on increasing.

Regarding commercial solar power generation, the economics is not so simple. Firstly, the investment is large depending on the capacity of the plant and secondly, the unit rates are reducing day by day because of fierce competition as very large industrial houses have entered into this field. Hence, it's too early to give any meaningful comments on this. I hope, this clarifies at least some of the issues raised in this article.

me: I agree re roof-solar. Mainly looking for data for commercial joint solar. it will be 100 times larger. My principle regret in life is "when I could digest, had no money, now have money (2 years) can't digest." The only way my life as a naastik Hindu makes any sense is to take well-considered risks. I must leave the garden marginally better than I populated. In the USA, the deepest moment came when a nurse recounted the last words on the death bed., most common was "why did I not take the risk".

"When I could risk, had no money, now have money (2 years) let someone invest in win-win deal."

----------------------------

Writes Sir VijayG -

One question about the rooftop case:

What about long-term maintenance costs? What about the loss of efficiency from dust buildup over time? What happens when the roof leaks under a solar panel? What happens when you have to replace the roof (every 20-25 years in the US)? What happens if a growing tree, a new house/building, or a house that has added a second story, starts blocking the sun to your roof?

In my area (Silicon Valley in the US), I don't see too many homes with solar panels. Probably under 10%. Or even less. If the decision were such a no-brainer, as you say, shouldn't I see many more homes using solar panels? 

answers sir Chakresh -

Firstly, let me clarify that there is virtually no maintenance or repairs for fifteen years as the warranty for pannels is given for fifteen years when the system is installed and you may think of replacing the panels if the efficiency goes down drastically. As far as collection of dust on pannels is concerned, the same can be got cleaned at some interval, although it is not a must as the efficiency is not adversely affected to a greater extent even if pannels are not cleaned. 

Generally speaking, no new buildings are constructed close to existing buildings but if it happens, one will have to get the panels raised on the steel frame to avoid any shade on the panels.

In India, solar power generation is always beneficial as the solar system is connected to the grid and we are required to pay for only net consumption i.e units consumed from the gridless the units generated from solar panels.

In case you still need some clarification on solar power generation, I will be happy to answer them to the best of my ability.

me: I consider these for joint-solar too. Says my guy - You consider two guys, one a manager. You have a bigger plot. If it works for 2 bighas. I will expand to 33! I start with self-clean, dust will come, start that as service-0n-call for Roorkeeites with roof-s0lar. An interesting aside, the top surface of the plot is bad and agriculture has to be done in huge pots anyway.

Pre-business plan - solar electric generators

 A pre-business plan is between a back of envelope calculation and a formal business plan. The idea is to read on to determine if the critical variables of a business plan have been under stood. One would call space-x chief deliberations on hyper loop and boring company as a pre-business plan. One could hire a plan maker to convert it to a formal plan.

Two related ideas are discussed here. One is a personal roof-top solar rooftop plan roof-solar. Another is joint solar-orchard plan joint-plan. roof-solar started as as way to reduce electric bill. The joint-plan as a good business plan. Both involve non-trivial business arithmetic cost ideas.

The joint plan addresses an idea that will discourage competition other than me. Government no longer buys electricity at better rates as the cost of solar panels plummets. Now the return on electric roof with enough sun hole to shoot for semi-shade agriculture below will probably be equal to cost. It is profits from agriculture below that keeps it profitable. Such a venture absent my expertise in agriculture in chemicals and planet medicine would be ruinous. No usual farmer will be smart enough to restrict crops or understand benefits of solar cover without profit - the panels will get cheaper and coverament will lose any reasons to pressure distcoms! So I expect an early mover advantage. Competion is not a problem in next few months.

Competion is not a problem in roof-solar either, every one is welcome for many months or even years.

Now the meat - solar capital costs 50,000 per kilowatt, delivers 3 kw per 10 sqm. So a 200 kw joint-plan will cost 1 crore and need 2 bigha with half covered It will require 2 people to maintain it. also free to do agriculture and cost 10 lakh per annum, paid for by sale of electricity. Agriculture will yield the profit, under 5 lakh.

Bank will finance half to 80 %. Return will be 10% to 40%, depending on financing.

The roof-solar will cost 200,000, but draw 40% subsidy in 2021. With subsidy, electric costs will be halved in months other then overcast, and few costs. Even brainless USA methods can be used but what happens when government reduces/eliminates subsidy, risk-taking companies will bankrupt! Happened in Nevada!

Comments welcome and incorporated.

Motivation for me

 

Why is the USA so important to me? Is it being fucked and is there a way out of it? Why does India thrive? Can we predict the end of this journey? Does this matter at all to me?

The first three questions is about the USA. It is a relevant truth to me, dedicated to remaining modest citizen despite what I can achieve and ready to take risks, meaningful now since I believe in wish-death and the belief that I can partake in it. It is no longer academic.

So why did the USA fail? Why did India thrive? Why does China thrive? Understanding these issues delivers to non-actor me, meaningful prediction ability. If I understand markets that well, I will be a very rich man. I do believe that prices within a decade are best handled by chaos theory i.e. every soothsayer is a fraud. But a decade-wide or larger prediction is probabilistic and doable within the wide net of investment. That applies to both the political theory and the stock market. It is asymmetric prediction, winner prediction is slow, while losers are fast.

The hardest change in me comes from rising of India and China and the reducing strengthening of the USA. The link above blame rightly the effect of size on decision speed but that is only a visible effect, the rise of Asian giants (increasing centralization) and the weakening of the USA (increasing decentralization without effective coordination) is not caused by size but the politically correct speech by a technical specialist,  thus their weakening. Both Asians reaped the benefit of effective coordination by increasing centralization. I have believed for a long in decentralization which improves political correctness. It pails before centralization benefits, Modi wins, my feelings, because he listens to key bureaucrats as opposed to elected riff-raff. Xi gets effect for free. Both are personally uncorrupt, don't tolerate corruption, and have publically damaged lower corrupt.

One consequence in India has been the marginalization of Congress even in opposition. Better luck in HP and Uttarakhand with the solid tired-government sentiment. I predict the BJP government in UP and egg on the face of sir Akhilesh.

Modi juggernaut goes on to 2024 and likely another 5-years then. The replacement of centralization is replaced by both, chosen by effective coordination and anti-corruption transparency, even if privacy-incorrect! Political correctness is way too important and must never be abandoned even if operating in opposition. It is important to shut up political correctness sellers applying way excessive analysis to determine alleged incorrectness.