1.
I hate social relativism, consider it
scientifically stupid, explain the terms used precisely. Social relativism
means equality of thinking. Science means observer or theorist independent,
implicational evidence, which means extended falsifiable, and stupidity means
denial of evidence even when agreeing on what evidence is. Evidence - I claim
stupidity since I do not attach equal weights to opinion of others, some are
wiser than others on every issue. I consider it POSSIBLE to define scientific
superiority, it is NOT racial but achievable and I believe it is scientific in
that it can be applied in observer independent manner.
2.
In order to understand me,
you must be familiar with very influential work of KUHN starting 1963 in USA.
It introduces and describes a paradigm
also callable as a scientific revolution. A paradigm shift is not relativistic in
that the old and new are two equally important alternatives; but that the newer
is SUPERIOR to the old and replaces it! Humans rarely adjust to paradigm shift.
The change occurs due to natural selection aspect of Darwinian revolution –
oldies die.
3.
For people too busy to follow link (a MUST else
remain stupid), here are some paradigm shifts
Natural
sciences
Some
of the "classical cases" of Kuhnian paradigm shifts in science are:
·
1543 – The acceptance of the work of Andreas Vesalius, whose work De humani
corporis fabrica corrected the numerous errors in the
previously-held system created by Galen.[10]
·
1783 – The acceptance of Lavoisier's theory of chemical reactions and
combustion in place of phlogiston theory, known as the chemical revolution.[12][13]
·
The transition in optics from geometrical optics to physical optics with Augustin-Jean Fresnel's
wave theory.[14]
·
1859 – The revolution in evolution from goal-directed change
to Charles Darwin's natural selection.[16]
·
1880 - The germ theory of
disease began overtaking Galen's miasma theory.
·
1905 – The development of quantum mechanics, which replaced classical mechanics at
microscopic scales.[17]
·
1905 – The transition from the luminiferous aether present
in space to electromagnetic
radiation in spacetime.[18]
·
1919 – The transition between the worldview of Newtonian gravity and the Einsteinian General Relativity.
Social
sciences[edit]
In
Kuhn's view, the existence of a single reigning paradigm is characteristic of
the natural sciences, while philosophy and much of social science were
characterized by a "tradition of claims, counterclaims, and debates over
fundamentals."[19] Others have applied
Kuhn's concept of paradigm shift to the social sciences.
·
The movement known as the cognitive revolution moved
away from behaviourist approaches
to psychological study and the acceptance
of cognition as central to studying human
behaviour.
·
The Keynesian revolution is
typically viewed as a major shift in macroeconomics.[20] According to John Kenneth
Galbraith, Say's Law dominated
economic thought prior to Keynes for over a century, and the shift to
Keynesianism was difficult. Economists who contradicted the law, which implied
that underemployment and underinvestment (coupled with oversaving) were
virtually impossible, risked losing their careers.[21] In his magnum opus,
Keynes cited one of his predecessors, John A. Hobson,[22] who was repeatedly denied
positions at universities for his heretical theory.
·
Later, the movement for monetarism over Keynesianism marked a second divisive
shift. Monetarists held that fiscal policy was not effective for
stabilizing inflation, that it was
solely a monetary phenomenon, in contrast to the Keynesian view of the time was that both
fiscal and monetary policy were important. Keynesians later adopted much of the
monetarists' view of the quantity theory of
money and shifting Phillips curve, theories they initially
rejected.[23]
·
First proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure in
1879, the laryngeal theory in Indo-European
linguistics postulated the existence of "laryngeal"
consonants in the Proto-Indo-European
language (PIE), a theory that was confirmed by the discovery of
the Hittite language in
the early 20th century. The theory has since been accepted by the vast majority
of linguists, paving the way for the internal
reconstruction of the syntax and grammatical rules of PIE and
is considered one of the most significant developments in linguistics since the
initial discovery of the Indo-European
language family.[24]
Applied
sciences[edit]
More
recently, paradigm shifts are also recognisable in applied sciences:
·
In medicine, the transition from "clinical judgment"
to evidence-based
medicine
Marketing[edit]
In
the later part of the 1990s, 'paradigm shift' emerged as a buzzword, popularized as marketing speak and appearing more
frequently in print and publication.[26] In his book Mind
The Gaffe, author Larry Trask advises
readers to refrain from using it, and to use caution when reading anything that
contains the phrase. It is referred to in several articles and books[27][28] as abused and overused to
the point of becoming meaningless.
45.
To the lists, I wish to add some more based on
my experience
. structured programming
. object orientation
. internet programming
. android programming
. quantum mechanics
. deterministic interpretations (Many
world)
. two dimensional time interpretation
(Arun)
. CCC+LQG cosmogony
. Verlinde string quantum gravity
. Malhotra paradigm shift to identity celebration.
I claim that people wrongly consider current mood as rightward shift rather
than identity celebration despite the abuses from stupid left
Note that most of my computer science colleagues became
useless when object orientation hit, more with internet programming, even
current computer scientists become useless in new android programming! QM destroyed
physics, deterministic interpretation most science philosophers, two
dimensional time (mine) most physicists as Verlinde hits most astronomers and
dark matter types and CCC+LQG explains universe without God. The concept of God
is useless due to irrelevance, relevant to the stupid only.
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